It is a core material for producing functional thin films by physical vapor deposition (PVD) and other technologies, and is widely applied in the fields of energy, electronics, environmental protection, and others.

1. Characteristics

1) High melting point and stability

・Melting point is about 1843°C. Chemical properties are stable at high temperatures, making it suitable for high-temperature processes (e.g., sputter coating).

・Acid-alkali corrosion resistance makes it suitable for coatings in poor environments.

2) Excellent optical performance

・High refractive index (~ 2.4 ~ 2.7): Suitable for optical applications (e.g., permeable films, highly inverted films).

・Wide band gap semiconductor (band gap ~ 3.2 eV)

Sensitive to ultraviolet light, combining photocatalytic and photoelectric conversion potential.

3) Environmental protection and catalytic properties

・Strong photocatalytic activity, can decompose organic pollutants, used for self-cleaning and antimicrobial coatings.

・Environmentally friendly, non-toxic, harmless, and suitable for green material demand.

4) Tunable electrical performance

・Resistivity can be adjusted by adding Al, Si, etc., and used for transparent conductive films for touch screens, etc.

2. Main Applications

1) Energy field

・Solar cells:

Used in transparent electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) to improve photoelectric conversion efficiency.

・As an electron transport layer material in perovskite batteries, to improve stability.

・Photocatalytic hydrogen production: To produce clean energy using photocatalytically decomposed water.

2) Electronic components

・Optical coatings

・Producing antireflection coatings (glasses, lenses) and highly reflective mirrors (laser devices).

・Transparent conducting electrodes in OLEDs

・Semiconductor devices

3) Environmental protection and construction

・Self-cleaning coatings:

・Antimicrobial materials

4) Others

・Sunscreen products :Nano TiO₂ is used in sunscreen creams and absorbs ultraviolet rays.

・Ceramics and paints : Enhance hardness and weather resistance of materials (e.g., automotive parts)